Depression Anxiety and Academic Stress Among College Students a Brief Review
Pak J Med Sci. 2020 Jul-Aug; 36(5): 971–976.
Frequency of depression, feet and stress amongst university students
Saba Asif
oneMs. Saba Asif, Associate Lecturer, Authorities College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
Azka Mudassar
iiAzka Mudassar, Department of Psychology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Islamic republic of pakistan
Talala Zainab Shahzad
3Talala Zainab Shahzad, Section of Psychology, Government Higher Women Academy, Sialkot, Pakistan
Mobeen Raouf
fourMobeen Raouf, Department of Psychology, Government Higher Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
Tehmina Pervaiz
5Tehmina Pervaiz, Department of Psychology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
Received 2019 Oct 26; Revised 2019 December 5; Revised 2020 May 13; Accepted 2020 May 20.
Abstract
Objective:
The main objective of the present study was to explore the frequency of Depression, anxiety and stress among university students in Sialkot, Islamic republic of pakistan.
Method:
Survey research method was used to collect data from three universities of Sialkot by using simple random sampling technique from 500 academy students. The written report was conducted at GC Women University, Sialkot in full duration of five months from Feb 2019 to June 2019. A demographic canvass and DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale) were used to measure the level of depression, anxiety and stress. Data was scored according to the standard scoring process for each subscale and for further assay frequency distribution method was applied through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS. 21).
Results:
The ways of Depression, Anxiety and stress are Thou=15.08, Grand=18.24 and G=nineteen.02 respectively. The frequency of depression, anxiety and stress amid university students was found 75%, 88.4% and 84.4% respectively. The findings of the study showed the prevalence of Depression within the range of normal (25%), mild (sixteen%), moderate (35.viii%), severe (fourteen.6%) and extremely severe (eight.vi%). The prevalence of anxiety was found to be in the range of normal (xi.six%), mild (4.4%), moderate (19.4%), astringent (17.eight%) and extremely severe (46.8%). Stress was normal (15.6%), mild (33.8%), moderate (35.4%), astringent (thirteen.2%) and extremely severe (2.viii%).
Conclusion:
It is concluded that symptoms of anxiety and stress are more prevalent with moderate to extremely severe range than low in the current sample. These findings suggest urgent need of some preventive measures and interventions to improve the mental health of students.
Keywords: Anxiety, DASS-21, Depression, Stress, Prevalence, Students
INTRODUCTION
Students are a unique group of people who are passing from almost critical period of life in which they experience many stressful events.1 As the educational activity keep to the higher level the students use to face more stressful events like more tough syllabus, challenging piece of work assignments and projects, residing in hostels such challenges demand to exist cope affectively. It is the duty of educator to help their students to cope from such stressors which allow them to have a stable mental health.2 Depression is a multi-problematic disorder that cause heavy burden in society which leads to the damage of private, social, interpersonal and occupational functioning.iii Anxiety is an internalized arousal of fear that may be real or imaginary. Anxiety is an unconscious reaction to depressive tendencies which may turn into severe fright or panic. Moreover, broken-hearted students are also reported to suffer from leaning difficulties and problem solving. The psychological and physical symptoms include shivering of hands and lips, dryness in oral cavity, frequent urination and restless sleep.4 Stress is defined equally a threat that poses challenge to our well-being. When an organism adaptive chapters does not work accordingly to the demands of environs, results in biological and psychological disturbances.5 The earlier literature on mental health problems indicated that the students are expected to exist well prepared for the future demands, stressors, increased responsibilities in bookish as well as social life which leads to mental wellness problems among university students. This prevalence and frequency are varied across the globe due to various factors. Currently, information technology is considered that mental wellness problems are a very crucial public wellness concern resulting into i third of inability worldwide.6
A study on Australian university students reported that 53% students suffered from psychological distress.7 In a sample of academy student in Turkey were found to have Depression (27.1%), anxiety (47.1%) and stress (27%) respectively.8 In addition, xxx% undergraduate students in Canada showed psychological issues,nine 41.9% medical students were found to had emotional disorders in Malaysia.10 Asian counties reported to endure more from low, anxiety and stress than the other countries. A study conducted on the medical students in India reported high level of low, anxiety and stress 51.three%, 66.ix%, 53% respectively.11 Before research testify on DAS among academy students in Islamic republic of pakistan suggested high level of prevalence of low and feet.
A study in 2013 reported 7.5% low level of stress, 71.67% moderate level of stress and twenty.83% with high level of stress among medical higher of Pakistan.12 In a study on medical students in Wah Pakistan reported equally high level of anxiety 47.vii% than depression which was 35.1%.xiii The prevalence of depression was constitute 53.43% among university students in Karachi, Islamic republic of pakistan. Females scored significantly higher level of low 61% than male person students as 38.0% in the sample.14 Another research conducted on medical students in Islamabad reported high level of prevalence of depression 40.9% and anxiety 74.2% in the sample.fifteen Medical students of Nishtar Medical Higher, Multan were institute to have high level of anxiety and depression.16 Another study on Pakistani medical students concluded that academic stressors play a significant role to inspire learning and building sense of contest in students. Merely at the same time these stressors can exist a reason to feel helplessness and promote feet which adversely affects the academic operation of students.17
There was no before show investigating the prevalence, frequency and severity levels of low, feet and stress among academy students in Sialkot city Pakistan. There are currently three universities in the Sialkot city. Therefore, an attempt was made to investigate the mental health problems among this sample.
METHODS
The sample study was comprised of 500 students (N=500, Girls=248 & Boys=252) with in the age range between 18 to 24 years. The study was conducted at GC Women Academy, Sialkot with the ethical approval of the plant (Ref. No.: D/REG/19/2607). The total duration of this research was five months from February, 2019 to June, 2019. The simple random sampling technique was used by selecting a sample of 500 students from one public and 2 individual universities. The information was collected with the permission of concerned authorities of relevant institutions, chosen from the city. Consent forms and demographic sheets were given to students and informed about the objective and their participation in the study. A self-developed demographic sheet was used to collect demographic information. The level of mental wellness was assessed by using Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-21) scale (short version) amid students to collect information. The scale DASS-21 consists of 21 items specifically designed to assess severity level of depression, feet and stress. Lovibond, Southward.H. Lovibond, P.F. had developed this calibration in 1995 pertaining good validity and reliability.18 At offset, universities were contacted for the permission for data collection. The sample of 500 students was selected and informed consent was signed by the participants. The participants were explained about the research purpose and its objectives. The demographic sheets, informed consents and (DASS-21) were given to participants and requested them to fill all of them. Scoring was washed according to the gear up criteria for this scale.
The data was analyzed by a figurer software SPSS-21. Mean scores of responses of the whole sample on items of (DASS-21) was computed and tabulated. Further the level of disturbance on each sub-scale (normal, mild, moderate, severe, extremely severe) was computed through frequency and percentage method.
RESULTS
The demographic characteristics of electric current sample is shown in Table-I. There were 50.4% males and 49.6% female adolescents. 23.6% students were from inter, 20% from 1-2 semesters, 28.four% were from 3-4 semester, fourteen.6% were from 5-half-dozen semester and thirteen.2% from seven-8 semester. At that place were 66.6% students who were in the age range of eighteen years to 20 years and there were 33.4% students who were in the age range of 21 years to 24 years. 9.viii% of the educatee'southward mother were working and 90.2% were as housewives. 8.8% pupil'southward mothers were illiterate, 14.6% had completed their middle schoolhouse, 33.4% did matriculation, eighteen.4% had completed inter level educational activity, nineteen% were graduated and 5.8% had master's caste. 4.half-dozen% of pupil'southward fathers were illiterate, ix.6% had completed their eye school, 31.six% did matriculation, 19.2% had completed inter level didactics, 21.iv% were graduates and 13.half dozen% had master's caste.30.2% educatee'south fathers had their own business, 64.4% were doing job and five.4% were jobless. 41.4% of the students were in private institutions and 58.6% were from authorities institutions. 99.ii% of the students were Muslim and remaining 0.8% were from other religions.
Tabular array-I
Demographic Characteristics of the Entire sample (N = 500).
| Variables | Categories | f | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female person | 248 | 49.6 |
| Male | 252 | 50.4 | |
| Electric current semester | 1st and 2nd year | 118 | 23.6 |
| onest and 2nd semester | 101 | twenty.0 | |
| iiird and 4th semester | 142 | 28.four | |
| 5thursday and 6thursday semester | 73 | 14.vi | |
| 7th and 8th semester | 66 | xiii.two | |
| Historic period | 18 years to 20 years | 333 | 66.6 |
| 21 years to 24 years | 167 | 33.four | |
| Female parent's profession | Working women | 49 | ix.eight |
| Housewife | 451 | ninety.2 | |
| Female parent'south Education | Illiterate | 44 | 8.8 |
| Middle | 73 | 14.6 | |
| Matric | 167 | 33.4 | |
| Inter | 92 | 18.four | |
| BA | 95 | 19.0 | |
| Masters | 29 | 5.8 | |
| Father's Instruction | Illiterate | 23 | four.6 |
| Below centre and middle | 48 | 9.6 | |
| Matric | 158 | 31.vi | |
| Inter | 96 | xix.ii | |
| BA | 107 | 21.4 | |
| Masters | 68 | 13.6 | |
| Father Profession | Man of affairs | 151 | thirty.2 |
| Doing job | 322 | 64.four | |
| Jobless | 27 | 5.4 | |
| Institute category | Private | 207 | 41.4 |
| Regime | 293 | 58.half dozen | |
| Faith | Islam | 496 | 99.2 |
| Other | 4 | 0.8 |
The means, standard deviation and per centum scores for depression, anxiety and stress respectively is shown in Table-2. The findings suggested that overall anxiety is the nearly prevalent problem with 88.iv%. stress= 84.4% is the second most prevalent trouble and depression is 75%% in the current sample.
Table-Ii
Hateful, Standard Divergence, frequency and percentage scores of DASS-21 (depression, anxiety, stress) f (%) (N=500).
| Scores of DASS-21 sub-scales | Mean | Standard Deviation | f (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | 15.08 | 7.80 | 375 (75%) |
| Anxiety | 18.24 | viii.39 | 442 (88.4%) |
| Stress | nineteen.02 | 7.81 | 422 (84.4%) |
Prevalence ratio of depression feet and stress.
Table-3 shows highest range with respect to the severity level. Equally for depression fall in moderate range with ratio of 35.eight%, for feet the most prevalent range is extremely severe with ratio of 46.viii% and stress autumn in the moderate range with ratio of 35.four%.
Table-Three
Frequency in weighted percentages of DASS-21 amongst students in Sialkot with respect to severity (Depression, anxiety and stress) (N= 500).
| DASS-21 | Normal | Balmy | Moderate | Severe | Extremely Severe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | 125 (25%) | lxxx (16%) | 179 (35.8%) | 73 (14.6%) | 43 (8.6%) |
| Anxiety | 58 (11.half-dozen%) | 22 (4.4%) | 97 (xix.4%) | 89 (17.8%) | 234 (46.8%) |
| Stress | 78 (15.6%) | 165 (33%) | 177 (35.4%) | 66 (xiii.2%) | xiv (2.viii%) |
Severity level of depression, anxiety and stress. (Normal, Mild, Moderate, severe).
Discussion
The nowadays written report aimed to assess the prevalence of mental health issues (Depression, feet and stress) in the students. The severity level of each problem was also investigated in the electric current sample. The findings showed the mean of depression, anxiety and stress 1000=15.08, M=18.25 and One thousand=19.03 respectively. The frequency of depression, feet and stress among academy students was found 75%, 88.iv% and 84.four% respectively in the electric current research. These overall frequencies were calculated by adding all the severity categories from mild, moderate, severe and very severe of each of the sub-scale every bit seen in Table-Two. The current findings revealed that the anxiety is the most prevalent event among the current sample with highest percentage 88.4%. The stress was the second well-nigh prevalent problem with 84.4% among university students in Sialkot. The findings suggested considerable level of frequency and severity levels of depression, anxiety and stress equally psychological morbidities among the students in Sialkot, Islamic republic of pakistan. The prevalence of Depression with respect to severity was inside the range of normal (25%), mild (xvi%), moderate (35.eight%), astringent (14.half-dozen%) and extremely astringent (8.6%) in the current sample. The prevalence of anxiety was found to exist in the range of normal (xi.half dozen%), balmy (four.4%), moderate (19.4%), severe (17.viii%) and extremely astringent (46.viii%). Stress was normal (xv.six%), mild (33.8%), moderate (35.iv%), severe (13.2%) and extremely severe (2.viii%) in current findings. These findings are in line with some earlier reported findings which investigated the mental wellness among students in Pakistan as well as in some other countries. In contrast, the current investigation was made on the overall university students' population within the city of Sialkot precisely 11,12,fourteen,15.
Mental health issues containing depression, anxiety and stress is been accredited with higher level of morbidities among students effectually the world. Therefore, it can exist considered a field of study of exploration among the researchers who are more interested in the mental health and wellbeing of the educatee sample. The present enquiry has significant findings highlighting the presence of moderate to severe level psychological morbidities amongst the students in Sialkot, Pakistan. The response charge per unit of participants was 100% validating the results of this study. These findings of the current report are consistent with some other studies conducted in Pakistan and in other countries. A recently reported issue past a study on medical students of Karachi with 72% anxiety.19 Another written report conducted in 2019 in Karachi on the final year of medical students reported college level of anxiety and stress in individual college students and depression was scored higher amongst the government college students.twenty Another recent evidence on undergraduate students in Pakistan supports the findings of the electric current report. As the frequency of Depression 75%, anxiety 88.4% and stress 84.4% in current sample is greater than that 48.0% of low, 68.54% of anxiety and 53.two% of stress respectively among the sample of undergraduate students of physiotherapy in Pakistan.21 There is one more enquiry in back up of the current findings which was conducted on the medical and dentistry students in Pakistan reported high prevalence of these psychological morbidities. The prevalence of anxiety was also highest with 41.9% amid these students than the low and stress.22
Some of the very contempo evidences from other countries are also consistent with the present findings. As a study on Jordanian medical students in 2019 reported that students were suffering from psychological problems.23 The Prevalence of stress was found as 46.9%, anxiety was 76.two% and depression was 60.two% respectively amongst medical university students in Malaysia.24 Some other inquiry from Egypt was found consistent with the current findings reported high level of prevalence of stress 62.iv%, anxiety 64.3% and depression 60.8% among university students. Anxiety was again the nigh prevalent trouble with highest percentage of 64.3% in the sample hither.25 A report on Indian medical students reported that one-half of the academy students were constitute d to exist affected by the mental wellness issues.11
Limitations of the study
While interpreting the results, certain limitations can be kept in mind for consideration. The student'south mental health was the focus of involvement and thus only low, anxiety and stress were covered in the present investigation. The residual of the prevalent mental wellness problems were non examined in the current student population. Secondly, the current enquiry simply explored the frequency of these psychological morbidities, the causes of these highly prevalent problems didn't assessed.
Conclusion
It is reported past the current findings that more than half of the university students are seriously affected by mental health issues in Sialkot. It is immediately needed to pattern some preventive measures to promote psychological health for university students in Sialkot, Pakistan. In social club to create a better learning environment and smooth performance, it is urgently needed to focus and promote the mental health of students during their academic burden.
Authors' Contribution
SA conceived, designed, statistical analysis, revision, terminal approving of manuscript and is responsible for integrity of enquiry.
AM, TZ review of manuscript, data collection, information entry in SPSS, manuscript writing.
MR did data collection, manuscript writing, editing of manuscript.
TP data collection, data entry, statistical analysis.
Footnotes
Grant Back up & Financial Disclosures: None.
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7372668/
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